Responsibility of A Correctioanl Captain in the State of Alabama Essay

Duty of A Correctioanl Captain in the State of Alabama - Essay Example The restorative skipper is invested the job of managing Correctional Lieutenants alongside Correctional Sergeants and administrative just as specialized staff (Fresno County, 1999). A restorative chief audits the composed materials, for example, sets of expectations, directs the detainees and their families, reviews territories of operational obligations, takes an interest in panel exercises, gatherings and projects, creates composed regulatory rules, interviews people seeing different angles, for example, case, screens institutional tasks, exercises and employment assignments alongside composing record data. A restorative commander needs to have master information in the previously mentioned fields. The Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) Administrative Regulation (AR) builds up the duties, systems and arrangements for the execution and improvement of expert direction programs that consent to the government and state necessities for ADOC representatives. ADOC law authorization workers incorporate restorative sergeant, prison guard, remedial lieutenant, remedial superintendent, restorative preparing executive, restorative skipper, restorative canine handler boss, restorative canine handler, restorative network program chief and remedial insightful administrations official (State of Alabama Department of Corrections, 2008). Obligations of a remedial commander remember different assignments for terms of money related, administrative and operational zone of the association. In this exploration study, obligations of a restorative skipper in the province of Alabama have been examined intricately. Clarification of the Responsibilities of a Correctional Captain in the State Of Alabama The duties of a restorative inscription are characterized and managed by the Alabama Department of Corrections. The Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is the organization answerable for detainment of indicted criminals in the territory of Alabama in the United States. Remedial commanders for the most part survey the reports, sets of responsibilities, guidelines, and exchange diaries alongside making legitimate representative assessments and spending uses utilizing authoritative guidelines, orders and laws. They are likewise answerable for making approaching and active correspondences and sets of responsibilities so as to decide summed up activities required to start documentations. They adhere to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) with respect to evaluating reports, regulatory guidelines and bookkeeping manuals so as to empower idealistic network relations, guarantee satisfactory budgetary robustness, assemble and disperse data. Spending use should be planned in a manner with the goal that it can guarantee legitimate use of organization’s assets and in such manner the restorative commander fills the need. To assess and guarantee precise, productive, powerful and complete day by day activities, a restorative commander delegates specific undertaki ngs to the workers in regards to the matter of planning of authoritative reports alongside controlling of the treatment programs, vehicle support, strategic and financial issues utilizing sets of expectations and accessible assets. They take different activities to survey and guarantee efficient and productive day by day tasks like readiness of specialized manuals, appropriate

Lionel Richie and Heart Essay

Lionel Richie and Heart Essay Lionel Richie and Heart Essay A Letter To John Dear John, Oh how I have cried, recalling the magnificent occasions he have had together, how we had as long as we can remember arranged together and now we are a great many miles separated. You being over yonder, god possibly knows when I will see you once more, and I am here with our seven kids, carrying out your responsibility and my own. Circumstances are difficult for me since you are no more. The children unquestionably attempt to make it simpler for me however. They alternate taking care of the children when I am at the manufacturing plant, and clean the house as well. They have developed such a great amount since you have gone. At times I feel like they are altogether grown up and prepared to move out. I genuinely can't hold back to see you once more. It is so difficult to be away from you for such a long time, considering we have not been isolated since we met. At the point when I get steamed, I feel as though my heart may bust through my chest on the off chance that it endu res anything else of this agony. I guess time do cause the heart to become fonder. I miss you beyond all doubt my adoration. I consider you regularly, contemplating how great it will be the point at which you return home. I additionally consider how I will hold you in my arms until it is the ideal opportunity for you to go once more. The considerations of this, really makes me extremely upset. To realize that you are mine yet I can't keep you here with me regardless of what I do, makes me crazy. You just decisions right currently are war or prison. That as I would like to think isn't right. We as a family ought to have a decision whether you need to do battle. I am unnerved to consider what you are doing and looking over yonder consistently, I realize that it isn't all they said it would be over yonder. You have been gone a half year now and I haven’t heard a

Creativity Boost How to Really Think Out-of-the-Box

Creativity Boost â€" How to Really Think Out-of-the-Box An entrepreneur is someone who is more than just a business owner. If one is considered an entrepreneur, he/she continuously develops new ideas (niches) for the market. Creativity, that is defined as a process which results in a both original and worthwhile product or a service of a sort, is somewhat synonymous to entrepreneurial endeavors. The competition increases (both in numbers and in innovativeness) as the market broadens and complexities. It is crucial for an entrepreneur to step up the game so as to achieve full potential of his /her business.Creativity spurs new ideas, and new ideas bring new products/services. Additionally, an innovative approach can decrease one’s costs and/or improve the quality of the business as a whole. All these add to the competitiveness on the market. However, it is not always easy to be creative or to ‘think outside the box’, especially when one’s livelihood depends on it.We believe that, by an encircled understanding of the creativity proc ess and its building blocks, any (and every) entrepreneur can improve his/her creative skills and become less dependent on the occasional ‘A-ha!’ moments that is, once an entrepreneur apprehends the elements of creativity, the process and its results will be more easily obtained in the future (and will rather be consciously and continuously instigated than accidental and sporadic). © Shutterstock.com | DooderIn the following article, we will go through the most important elements of the creativity boost process and discuss the question of thinking out-of-the-box. Conclusively, we will present some guidelines that might help a (future) entrepreneur on his/her journey of creation. Read through sections 1) Elements of Creativity, 2) The ‘Box’ and how to Transcend It and 3) Tips for a Creativity Boost â€" and leap forward!ELEMENTS OF CREATIVITYRestrictionRestriction is important for the creativity process because if one does not set some parameters within which ideas will be looked for, the endless opportunities will diminish the quality of creative work. If some self-imposed focus is made, the ideas will be more detailed and fruitful as well as more applicable.Re-ConceptualizationNumerous studies show that re-conceptualization is common among creative minds. It is a creative process in itself because it generates an innovative attitude towards the project one is working on. Basically, re-conceptualization is a step back from the project and its re-evaluation. It provides a wider yet more specified view of the theme and shapes the future stages of the process.For example, an entrepreneur is working in the niche of chair-production and wants to start a new project. He/she does not have any ideas on what kind of project he/she intends to start working on except that a new model of a chair is to be made â€" and that the end purpose is for it to bring customer satisfaction and profit to the business. Before starting on the idea forming process, he/she will re-conceptualize the project itself. Rather than naming the general results he/she wants to achieve (customer satisfaction and profit), one asks himself/herself: “Do I want this chair to bring customer satisfaction solely by its design/comfortableness? Do I want to try to balance these two elements? What kind of design would people find enjoyable? Which specter of people do I want to tar get with this product?” If an entrepreneur asks oneself these questions, creativity process has begun. Moreover, a solid base is made for some guidelines to head already towards the focus of the project.Distribution and ArrangementMany creative minds agree on the fact that separation between research and the actual work is unavoidable if quality results are in mind. It is advisable to spend some time just observing and collecting impressions regarding a theme â€" or just noticing consciously everything around us. After some time, one should begin to formulate ideas. Lastly, upon deciding on the specific project that is to be followed through, one should get to work. All these things should be done separately because if done simultaneously they cause chaos â€" or at least an idea not formed to its full capacity. The mind must be focused on the objectives of each stage to generate beneficial results.ImaginationImagination is what is (especially in the business world) referred to as the ‘thinking outside the box’ approach to idea formulation and project realization. As it is an extremely important element of the creativity process, we will address it separately and in more detail in the following section.Surpassing a Creative BlockEven the most creative (and fruitful) individuals occasionally experience the dreaded ‘Block’. It manifests in the complete incapability to produce ideas. The feeling of being stuck can be difficult to surpass if one does not take time to evaluate what are its causes. Sometimes the mind is too closed to a particular idea while at other times a person is simply tired, and the environment does not support the type of work that needs to be done. It is best to differentiate sources primarily on whether they are external or internal. Bearing this in mind, one should try to deduct what might be the essence of the problem so the appropriate solution can be applied.External ‘Blockers’: If the problem is recognized as external, one should simply re-organize. Mostly the external sources have something to do with the workplace and/or ambiance. It is important to work and create a productive environment. These are dependent on individual inclinations and should be addressed as such. Factors such as temperature and the amount of light can be extremely important for a creative process. Make sure that the temperature is not too cold or too warm and adjust the lighting to your preferences. Most people, however, find slightly dimmed lighting to work best for creative brainstorming. Moreover, it is important to exclude interruptions while in the process. Ideas that are yet to be completely formed can quickly evaporate from the mind (you have to be able to focus on what you are doing).Internal ‘Blockers’: On the other hand, some sources of the creative block are of internal origin. Sometimes the mind just does not work the way we want it to. It is important to evaluate the issue. However, one of the things that pro ve to be most successful in treating mind block is the physical (and psychological) detachment for a certain time interval. If you are not capable of starting your creative engines, you should try to focus on something else, or rest. Your mind will continue to work on the project subconsciously which will result in a better starting state to work with later. A thought (any thought) suffices to bring forward a great idea. However, thoughts that are not left to grow independently rarely reach their potentials and become the idea. Your sub-consciousness is what deals with these thoughts. After some work has already been done, one should turn to daydreaming and naps as an incubator for what was achieved so far â€" this way the project will grow in its natural course.THE ‘BOX’ AND HOW TO TRANSCEND IT‘Think outside the box’ is an expression used in marketing, management, engineering, psychology and creative arts as well as an approach to self-growth since 1970s. It originates from the ‘nine dots’ puzzle that was used at the time as a creativity test in management. In order to solve the puzzle, one has to employ lateral thinking skills (or develop them). Such skills can be immensely beneficial in the creative process because they generate original (and quality) solutions (ideas).What is the ‘Box’?The assignment that was given to the examinees was constituted out of nine dots on a white surface. The dots were arranged as three in a horizontal and vertical row. The directions stated that all dots must be connected by four consecutive lines without lifting the pencil from the paper.Experience showed that most people view non-existing boundaries around the dots and thus will not search for a solution beyond them. It so happens that these boundaries form the simplest encirclement of the external dots, that is, these imaginary boundaries form the geometrical shape of the box.It has been proved that, once the boundaries are surpassed, most people find the so lution easily â€" because in order to fulfill the assignment, lines must be drawn from the ‘external’ space (which is not external in itself, only viewed as such by the human brain).In the psychological sense, the imaginary ‘box’ in the puzzle is immensely symbolic. It is almost as if we can visualize the box within which our thinking is confined. Moreover, it can be felt that beyond these lines lay endless opportunities.The ability to transcend the norms of conventional thought is something that makes all the difference in regard to the market. As we stated in the introduction, competitiveness is stronger than ever, and entrepreneurs must come up with new and strong ideas in order to secure their place on the market. The process must be ongoing because it is not easy to keep that position once it has been obtained.We are using the term ‘transcend’ because we feel it incorporates in itself a connection between what is (that is, the box) and what could be (the world of id eas outside of it). The ‘box’ is a solid structure from which the transcendence occurs. However, implementation of the ideas which can be obtained must include a structure of a sort. Hence, ‘the box’ is not viewed as something pejorative, rather a constructing element (as is the world of ideas outside of it) of a balanced wholeTranscending the ‘Box’!The process of learning how to ‘think outside the box’ is actually pretty simple. People tend to find it difficult because they view creativity as something abstract. However, all people are equally capable of being creative, some by nature, other by experience (practice). In this section, we will present basic principles of thinking which stimulate inventiveness.Lateral ThinkingLateral thinking refers to an approach to problem solving which differs from standard ones (solving problems in a step by step pattern â€" vertical logic; having a large amount of ideas without intent on their implementation â€" horizontal imagina tion). It uses creative and indirect ways to produce new ideas from existing ones.A process of lateral thinking can look something like this: The entrepreneur we have mentioned in the paragraph on re-conceptualization could have approached his project in the manner of lateral thinking. His/her starting point could have been to extract a random object or a word and try to associate it with the term of a chair. For example, a word could be ‘magistrate’. The image that might come in mind as a bridge between the two words might be a comfortable black chair in an office filled with books. The entrepreneur would examine if that would be one of the ways to steer his/her project. If not, he would focus on other images, or other words and/or objects.AbsurdityExposure to absurd patterns causes the mind to work in overdrive â€" in the attempt of understanding something so far from the ‘normal’. With sufficient amount of experiences the mind will in itself become broadened and more crea tive (it has witnessed how wide the specter of imagination can be and thus expands towards what is possible to imagine).View of the OtherExpanding imagination can be obtained through observation of other. By other we mean other realities, experiences and emotions of people who actually exist or fictional characters. It is important to develop awareness of the diversity which surrounds us in order to create something original yet usable.View for the OtherPeople tend to come up with more creative and complex ideas if they are assigned to come up with something as if they were someone else (or for someone else). This happens because a psychological detachment occurs, and one’s mind becomes instantly more innovative.ExperienceEveryone can make at least some amount of changes in their life so as to broaden experience. The result of it is like with all of the other elements we have stated above: a mind that experiences, observes and is frequently surprised, begins to operate on these pa tterns. Consequently, more creative ideas are born.TIPS FOR A CREATIVITY BOOSTIn addition to thinking patterns we have stated above, in this section we will present some guidelines on how to enhance creativity in practice.Risk Taking: Entrepreneurs must come to terms with the possibility that their endeavor might not work. More importantly, they must try nonetheless (if it is something that they truly believe in). The risk they are willing to take might fail but also might bring enormous success. For example, Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle, and one of the wealthiest people in the world, built his business on risks. When he was starting his business, he promised potential customers features that did not exist and demand their incorporation from developers afterward. Moreover, he hired unqualified staff and educated them during the process. His creative approach not only to his customers but also towards his team resulted in wealth of over 50 billion dollars.Walking: Numerous st udies show that walking stimulates the brain for creative productivity. During the physical activity, the mind produces more diverse and innovative solutions to problems (Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple, had a practice of the so-called ‘walking meetings’). Moreover, exercise, in general, enhances cognitive abilities.Learning: Acquiring knowledge not only related to one’s own field but from many other and different angles skyrockets creativity productivity. Moreover, it can result in creation of a separate niche in the market. Entrepreneurs who combine their work with their passions tend to create exceptional products and services.Innovation in everyday life: Implementing new things ever so often will not only prevent an entrepreneur (and his/her employees) from falling into a rut (which is the dead end street of management) but will subtly instigate the spark of creation. If a manager of a business decides that every week there will be a workplace informal thematic gatheri ng and that ever employee will be in charge of organization of such a party at some point (however, no one knows when will it be, or even where will it be), he simultaneously improves the atmosphere at the workplace (and increases the connection between employees) and induces a creative process in all of his workers. Continuous inducement of innovation on a informal level will produce results in the formal ones as well.Creativity should try to find its channels in self-growth and passion, in confidence in one’s abilities to create something exceptional and with acceptance of the uncertainty of the future. The least thing that can be obtained is a lifetime of creation â€" and that is not little at all. In the end we have to keep on trying and believe that the reward we are looking for is close by (while other rewards will be acknowledged retrospectively).

Financial Crisis Related On The Subprime Mortgage Market...

b. RELIANCE Another component of fraud crimes is reliance. For the government to prevail on fraud charges, it has to establish reasonable reliance on the alleged misrepresentations or omissions. Most financial crisis related investigations focused on mortgage backed securities that banks sold consisted of subprime mortgages that are doomed to be defaulted. The misrepresentation argument goes that banks failed to disclose the low quality of the mortgages and substantial risks of default that are associated with them. However, banks can conveniently raise the defense that the securities are sold to sophisticated investors, such as pension funds and mutual funds, who could have known what was going on in the subprime mortgage market and†¦show more content†¦The court found that as a sophisticated participant in the financial market, the buyer should have, and easily could have, protected itself from misrepresentation by demanding that it see the report prior to a closing. Therefore, it seems that the context of the transaction does not play into government’s favor. 5. Institutional Failures The current institutional set up and operations also contributed to the lack of prosecutions against bank executives regarding their wrongdoings leading to the financial crisis. First, regulators and agencies are short staffed. Second, regulators and agencies determined other types of prosecutions as their priorities over financial crisis related investigations. Third, there is the lacking in coordination between regulators and a consolidated national task force focusing on the criminal prosecutions related to financial crisis. a. Short Staffed It is notable about the number of staff and funding has been allocated to investigating banks and bank executives: not many. Judge Rakoff noted that FBI had more than one thousand agents assigned to investigating financial frauds before September 11 and only had 120 agents reviewing more than 50,000 mortgage fraud reports filed by banks in the years leading to the financial crisis. Funding wise, although the Fraud Enforcement and

The Importance Of Memory In 1984 - 975 Words

Memory. According to the Webster Dictionary, memory is â€Å"The power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms† (Webster Dictionary) Taking that under consideration, imagine if everyone didn’t remember the last time they smiled, their siblings last birthday, or the last really good meal they had. The last time they laughed so hard their ribs hurt, the last time they had so much fun that they couldn’t believe it really even happened. Or the last time they told someone they loved them, before they probably never saw them again. Thats memory, now could they imagine if they didn’t remember any of that anymore, because it was taken away. It was such a long time ago and so†¦show more content†¦An example of this is that they talk about how the equation two plus two is five. But everyone knows that its four, yet they brainwash and persuade aggressively different. â€Å"In the en d the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it† (80). This is an example of how the Party can brainwash people to even thinking that somehow, in their mind even though they know that two and two is four. They make you believe that against everything you know, that it equals five. They tell you things, for so long and for so much that you start to believe it. If someone tells you something for a year, and you haven’t heard anything else for that long of a time. Then you start to believe it because you have nothing else to believe. This keeping the government in control because they don’t have memory of any of that stuff. The past. The past isn’t a thing in 1984. The real past that is. They took the history and real facts about life behind them and twisted them. They twisted them to make them their own. 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The Rural Non-Farm Economy Free Essays

The Rural Non-farm Economy The nonfat economy includes all economic activities other than production of primary agricultural commodities. Nonfat, thus, includes mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction, commerce, transport and a full gamut of financial, personal and government services. Corresponding – the transformation of raw agricultural products by milling, packaging, bulking or transporting – forms a key component of the rural nonfat economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rural Non-Farm Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now A broad definition of rural regions as encompassing both dispersed rural settlements as well as the functionally linked rural towns where any corresponding and ancillary nonfat service and commercial activities congregate to service surrounding agricultural settlements. Size: Policy interest in the rural nonfat economy arises in large part because of its increasing importance as a source of income and employment across the developing world. Evidence from a wide array of rural household surveys suggests that nonfat income accounts for about 35 percent of rural income in Africa and roughly 50 percent in Asia and Latin America. Standing roughly 20 percent higher than rural nonfat employment shares, hose income shares confirm the economic importance of part-time and seasonal nonfat activities. Rural residents across the developing world earn a large share of their income?35-50 percent?from nonfat activities. Agricultural households count on nonfat earnings to diversify risk, moderate seasonal income swings, and finance agricultural input purchases, whereas landless and near-landless households everywhere depend heavily on nonfat income for their survival. Over time, the rural nonfat economy has grown rapidly, contributing significantly to both employment and rural income growth. Income data, which include earnings from seasonal and part-time activity, offer a more complete picture of the scale of the ERNE. Rural nonfat employment holds special importance for women. Women account for about one-quarter of the total full time ERNE workforce in most parts of the developing world. Given their frequently heavy household obligations and more limited mobility, women also participate in part-time ERNE activity, particularly in household-based manufacturing and service activities. Composition: The rural nonfat economy includes a highly heterogeneous collection of trading, crisscrossing, manufacturing, commercial and service activities. Even within the same country, strong differences emerge regionally, as a result of differing natural resource endowments, labor supply, location, infrastructural investments and culture. The scale of individual rural nonfat businesses varies enormously, from part-time self-employment in household-based cottage industries to large-scale corresponding and warehousing facilities operated by large multinational firms. Often highly seasonal, rural nonfat activity fluctuates with the availability of agricultural raw materials and in rhythm with household labor and financial flows twine farm and nonfat activities Remittances account for a large share of rural income in some locations. In the mining economies of Southern Africa, remittances may account for as much as half of all rural household income. They likewise form an important part of household income diversification and risk reduction strategies. In of nonfat earnings, while remittances and transfers typically account for to 20% of non-agricultural rural income and 5% to 10% of total rural income. Equity Implications: The extreme heterogeneity of rural nonfat activity results in widely varying productivity and profitability. Returns vary substantially, normally as a function of differing physical and human capital requirements. Women dominate many of the low-return cottage industries, while the poor dominate other low-return activities, such as small-scale trading and unskilled wage labor used in construction, powering, and many personal services. Wage labor, in both agriculture and nonfat business, also accrues primarily to the poor. The low capital requirements and small scale of many rural nonfat businesses, poor households dominate large segments of the rural nonfat economy. For this reason, many policy makers view the rural inform economy (ERNE) as a potentially important contributor to poverty reduction. Pull Scenario: Where new agricultural technologies and modern farm inputs become available, they lead to agricultural surpluses in some commodities and increased opportunities for trade. In these settings, a growing agriculture stimulates growth of the ERNE through a number of key linkages. Rising labor productivity on the farm increases per capita food supplies and releases farm family workers to undertake nonfat activities. For this reason, green revolution India has seen agricultural labor all from 75% to 65% of rural labor force in the first 25 years following the release of green revolution rice and wheat varieties. Equally important, increases in farm incomes, together with high rural savings rates, make capital available for investment in nonfat activities. These savings rates have reached up to 25-35% in many areas of green revolution Asia Farm households, as their incomes grow, increase their expenditure share on non-food items, thereby accelerating demand for nonfat goods and services. To meet this growing demand, rural households increasingly versify into production of rural nonfat goods and services. The composition of rural nonfat activity changes perceptibly over time in these buoyant agricultural settings. Increases in real wages raise the opportunity cost of labor, thereby making low-return nonfat activities uneconomic. This leads to the demise of many low- return craft and household manufacturing activities and to the growth of higher- return nonfat activities such as mechanical milling, transport, commerce, personal, health and educational services. Growing agricultural incomes attract labor into more productive, higher return rural nonfat services. Push Scenario: In regions without a dynamic economic base, patterns of growth in the rural nonfat economy unfold very differently. Sluggish income growth in agriculture leads to anemic consumer demand, limited corresponding and agricultural input requirements and stagnant wages. Taken together, these tendencies stymie both entrepreneurial and wage-earning opportunities in the rural nonfat economy. Without technological advance in agriculture, labor productivity and per capita farm production fall. In such settings, growing landlines pushes labor force increments into nonfat activity by default. Falling agricultural labor productivity, low opportunity cost of labor and declining household purchasing power induce diversification into low-return, labor- intensive nonfat activities such as basket making, gathering, pottery, weaving, embroidery and mat making. Specialized nonfat enterprises and households opportunities in agriculture and a shortage of both rural savings and invertible capital. Arbitration and Migration: Although the prosperity of rural regions and their rural nonfat economies typically depends on agricultural performance during the early stages of economic growth, this link gradually weakens over time as agriculture’s share in national economies declines. Rapid arbitration and globalization have opened up new market opportunities for rural nonfat producers of treatable goods and services and for rural workers to migrate and remit. Where conditions permit, these opportunities can stimulate regional economic growth, in some instances benefiting backward regions with poor agricultural potential and in others enhancing opportunities in already rapidly growing rural economies. Rising arbitration and national economic growth, together with improved transport and communication networks, provide important economic linkages between urban and rural areas, opening up new opportunities for rural households Evidence from India, for example, suggests that rapid rural nonfat growth is occurring along transport corridors linked to major urban centers, largely independent of their agricultural base Similarly, in Southeast Asia and in China high population density and low transport costs have led to rapid growth in urban-to-rural subcontracting for labor- intensive manufactures destined for international export markets. The importance of migration and remittance income proves highly context-specific, varying both locations and over time. Empirical evidence suggests that migrant remittances may serve to increase rural investment, finance schooling, house construction and agricultural inputs in some locations. Less beneficial are the impacts on migrant worker health and on family social cohesion. Liberalizing and Globalization: Beginning in the sass, widespread economic liberalizing has opened up the rural nonfat economy as never before – to new opportunities and to new threats. Liberalizing, by reducing direct government involvement in production and marketing, has opened up new market opportunities for the private sector, articulacy in agricultural processing, input supply and trade. Relaxed controls on foreign exchange and investment have unleashed a flood of foreign direct investment into Latin America, Asia and Africa. As a result, large exporters, agribusiness firms and supermarket chains increasingly penetrate rural economies of the developing world, altering the scale and structure of rural supply chains as they do. This rapidly changing environment opens up opportunities for some rural suppliers to access new markets. But liberalizing and globalization expose other rural genuineness to new threats, as quantity requirements and quality standards impose new ways of doing business that risk excluding intellectualized rural enterprises on which the rural poor often rely. Available evidence suggests that rapid concentration has triggered the bankruptcy of thousands of small firms in recent decades. Although many of these bankruptcies affected urban traders, emerging evidence suggests that small rural traders and the wholesale markets they serve likewise risk being displaced by larger, specialized wholesalers. Some categories of rural nonfat activity have thrived in the past because of protection from outside intention by high transport costs, restrictive production policies subsidized inputs and credit, and preferential access to key markets Globalization and market transition may prove brutally abrupt for many traditional small-scale manufacturing activities whose products cannot compete with higher quality, mass-produced goods. For this reason, the initial stages of depreciation can lead to significant Job losses in the ERNE, even though many of these may later be recovered as new types of rural nonfat activity sprout up, as in India during the sass. Since poor households and male-dominated activities predominate among the low-investment, low-productivity rural nonfat activities, they tend to face the most difficult adjustment during this transition. Agriculture has historically played an important role in expanding the economic base of rural regions in the developing world. In regions where agriculture has grown robustly, the ERNE has also typically enjoyed rapid growth. Regions with poor agricultural potential have seen more limited prospects for rural nonfat growth, except in places where the availability of other important rural treatable such as mining, logging, and entree ¶t trade offer an alternative economic platform for sustaining regional growth. In recent years, globalization, arbitration and improved infrastructure have opened up new opportunities in many rural areas, thereby reducing their dependence on agriculture. These developments seemingly offer new prospects for stimulating rural economic growth and, perhaps, new pathways out of poverty. Policymakers hold high hopes that rural nonfat growth can offer a pathway out of poverty for a large segment of the rural poor. Given the enormous diversity observed across rural regions and within the rural nonfat economy itself, opportunities, constraints, and appropriate policies will clearly differ across settings. Although general guidelines cannot substitute for detailed understanding of a specific rural nonfat setting, several broad policy guidelines do emerge from this review. Available evidence suggests the rural nonfat economy can significantly expand economic opportunities for the rural poor if two conditions hold. First, the rural nonfat economy must itself be growing robustly. Both rural nonfat employment and income per worker must be growing if nonfat growth is to contribute effectively to poverty reduction. Typically, this growth in the rural nonfat economy requires investments in the productive capacity and productivity of activities related to rural treatable, such as agriculture, tourism, or natural resource-based activities, in order to ensure their competitiveness in external markets. Alternatively, where low-cost rural labor and low transportation costs coincide, rural households can sometimes compete in urban or export markets through commuting, short-term migration, or urban-to-rural subcontracting arrangements. From a policy perspective, accelerating output and productivity Roth in the rural economic base will require investing in agricultural technology, rural education, communications, transportation, and electrification. Together with a favorable policy environment, these investments encourage rural nonfat business development as well as short-term commuting and migration strategies, both of which serve to increase rural nonfat incomes and investment. But a growing rural nonfat economy does not guarantee access by the poor. Wealthy households, well- endowed with financial, human, and political capital, often prove better equipped to sake advantage of growth in the high-productivity segments of the rural nonfat economy, both as entrepreneurs and as wage employees. Meanwhile, poor backwaters of the rural nonfat economy. Migration opportunities likewise remain bifurcated, with highly educated households more apt to land lucrative positions in towns. Thus, policymakers cannot assume that an expanding rural nonfat economy will translate automatically into pro-poor growth. This bifurcation leads to the second requirement for pro-poor rural nonfat growth: access by the poor to growing nonfat market niches. For nonfat earnings to offer a pathway out of poverty, rural households and policymakers may need to invest in rural education and health in order to improve the human capital stock of the poor. At the same time, policymakers will need to remove economic and social barriers that limit poor people’s entry into lucrative nonfat professions. Fluid labor markets, with good transportation and communication systems connecting rural households to regional and urban labor markets, will provide a key bridge linking the rural poor to growing opportunities in the nonfat economy. How to cite The Rural Non-Farm Economy, Papers

The Road not Taken and Stopping by Woods on a Snow Essay Example For Students

The Road not Taken and Stopping by Woods on a Snow Essay y Evening Analysis Robert Lee Frost (born in San Francisco, March 26, 1874 and died in Boston, January 29, 1963) was one of Americas leading 20th-century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Although his verse forms are traditional, he was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter and in the poetic use of the vocabulary and inflections of everyday speech. His poetry is thus both traditional and experimental. After Frosts father died in 1885, the family left California and settled in Massachusetts. From 1897 to 1899 he attended Harvard College as a special student, but left without a degree. We will write a custom essay on The Road not Taken and Stopping by Woods on a Snow specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Over the next ten years he wrote (but rarely published) poems, operated a farm in Derry, New Hampshire (purchased for him by his grandfather), and supplemented his income by teaching. In 1912 he sold the farm and used the proceeds to take his family to England, where he could devote himself entirely to writing. His efforts to establish himself and his work were almost immediately successful. A Boys Will was accepted by a London publisher and brought out in 1913, followed a year later by North of Boston. In 1924 he received a Pulitzer Prize in poetry for New Hampshire (1923). He received it again for Collected Poems (1930), A Further Range (1936), and A Witness Tree (1942). Over the years he received an unprecedented number and range of literary, academic, and public honors. 1 The Road Not Taken Although I must admit that I am not a poetry fan, many of the poems of Robert Frost appeal to me, and this would have to be the one that appeals the most, in other words, it is my favorite poem. When I first read this poem, I liked it because of its free verse style (which I like) and its apparent simplicity, but, after much study, its true meaning became apparent. The obvious basic meaning is that the poem is about a persons choices in life. The narrator describes coming to a problem with the fork in the road. He must go down one but feels he will not be able to take back his decision. He looks to see the pros and cons of each choice, and then takes the one that he says the least had traveled. He leaves the outcome up to the reader and the sigh at the end can be taken as good or bad. This leaves the reader the choice of deciding whether it is better to conform with society or rebel like Frost did and take up a less stable trade. However, there are many places to which this main interpretation can branch out. First of all, it is likely that the narrator in the poem was actually Frost. This can be inferred because the narrator took the road less traveled by. This can also be said of Frost using different diction. Frost had an opportunity to graduate from Harvard twice, but each time turned it down until he was granted an honorary degree after excelling as a poet. The average person would probably have just stuck through Harvard the first time around and graduate and then chosen a more stable career. Thus the similarities between Frost and the narrator of the poem can be seen. The fork symbolizes a hard choice in Frosts life and he can take either the easy way out, or the hard way. Each path to him is the same and he is sad that he can only choose one path, but in the end he takes the one less traveled by or the harder one. .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 , .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .postImageUrl , .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 , .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499:hover , .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499:visited , .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499:active { border:0!important; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499:active , .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499 .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a887b60d517c432dba1a88e12e5f499:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Juvenile Delinquents Analysis Essay Perhaps this poem is meant to be inspirational to young writers. Another viewpoint actually goes towards a more basic meaning. This would be that Frost actually chose one path and took it, whereas many people simply ponder for a long time and still are not quite sure. Frost exhibits the common human nature of wanting to take both paths at first (ln13: Oh I marked the first for another day), but later admits he doubted if he should ever come back (ln15). Thus, the poems significance is Frost made his decision and . The Road Not Taken And Stopping By Woods On A Snow Essay Example For Students The Road Not Taken And Stopping By Woods On A Snow Essay y Evening Analysis Robert Lee Frost (born in San Francisco, March 26, 1874 and died in Boston, January 29, 1963) was one of Americas leading 20th-century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Although his verse forms are traditional, he was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter and in the poetic use of the vocabulary and inflections of everyday speech. His poetry is thus both traditional and experimental. After Frosts father died in 1885, the family left California and settled in Massachusetts. From 1897 to 1899 he attended Harvard College as a special student, but left without a degree. We will write a custom essay on The Road Not Taken And Stopping By Woods On A Snow specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Over the next ten years he wrote (but rarely published) poems, operated a farm in Derry, New Hampshire (purchased for him by his grandfather), and supplemented his income by teaching. In 1912 he sold the farm and used the proceeds to take his family to England, where he could devote himself entirely to writing. His efforts to establish himself and his work were almost immediately successful. A Boys Will was accepted by a London publisher and brought out in 1913, followed a year later by North of Boston. In 1924 he received a Pulitzer Prize in poetry for New Hampshire (1923). He received it again for Collected Poems (1930), A Further Range (1936), and A Witness Tree (1942). Over the years he received an unprecedented number and range of literary, academic, and public honors. 1 The Road Not Taken Although I must admit that I am not a poetry fan, many of the poems of Robert Frost appeal to me, and this would have to be the one that appeals the most, in other words, it is my favorite poem. When I first read this poem, I liked it because of its free verse style (which I like) and its apparent simplicity, but, after much study, its true meaning became apparent. The obvious basic meaning is that the poem is about a persons choices in life. The narrator describes coming to a problem with the fork in the road. He must go down one but feels he will not be able to take back his decision. He looks to see the pros and cons of each choice, and then takes the one that he says the least had traveled. He leaves the outcome up to the reader and the sigh at the end can be taken as good or bad. This leaves the reader the choice of deciding whether it is better to conform with society or rebel like Frost did and take up a less stable trade. However, there are many places to which this main interpretation can branch out. First of all, it is likely that the narrator in the poem was actually Frost. This can be inferred because the narrator took the road less traveled by. This can also be said of Frost using different diction. Frost had an opportunity to graduate from Harvard twice, but each time turned it down until he was granted an honorary degree after excelling as a poet. The average person would probably have just stuck through Harvard the first time around and graduate and then chosen a more stable career. Thus the similarities between Frost and the narrator of the poem can be seen. The fork symbolizes a hard choice in Frosts life and he can take either the easy way out, or the hard way. Each path to him is the same and he is sad that he can only choose one path, but in the end he takes the one less traveled by or the harder one. .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 , .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .postImageUrl , .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 , .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733:hover , .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733:visited , .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733:active { border:0!important; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733:active , .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733 .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fc585a8138acbc41cbf02d092e4c733:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Member of the Wedding Essay Perhaps this poem is meant to be inspirational to young writers. Another viewpoint actually goes towards a more basic meaning. This would be that Frost actually chose one path and took it, whereas many people simply ponder for a long time and still are not quite sure. Frost exhibits the common human nature of wanting to take both paths at first (ln13: Oh I marked the first for another day), but later admits he doubted if he should ever come back (ln15). Thus, the poems significance is Frost made his decision and .

Heat of Formation Worked Example Problem

Heat of Formation Worked Example Problem Heat of formation is the enthalpy change that occurs when a pure substance forms from its elements under conditions of constant pressure. These are worked example problems calculating the heat of formation. Review The symbol for the standard heat of formation (also known as the standard enthalpy of formation) is ΔHf or ΔHf ° where: Δ indicates a change H indicates enthalpy, which is only measured as a change, not as an instantaneous value  ° indicates a thermal energy (heat or temperature) f means formed or that a compound is being formed from its component elements You may wish to review the Laws of Thermochemistry and endothermic and exothermic reactions before you begin. Tables are available for heats of formation of common compounds and ions in aqueous solution. Remember, heat of formation will tell you whether heat was absorbed or released and the quantity of heat. Problem 1 Calculate ΔH for the following reaction: 8 Al(s) 3 Fe3O4(s) → 4 Al2O3(s) 9 Fe(s) Solution ΔH for a reaction is equal to the sum of the heats of formation of the product compounds minus the sum of the heats of formation of the reactant compounds: ΔH ÃŽ £ ΔHf products - ÃŽ £ ΔHf reactants Omitting terms for the elements, the equation becomes: ΔH 4 ΔHf Al2O3(s) - 3 ΔHf Fe3O4(s) The values for ΔHf may be found in the Heats of Formation of Compounds table. Plugging in these numbers: ΔH 4(-1669.8 kJ) - 3(-1120.9 kJ) ΔH -3316.5 kJ Answer ΔH -3316.5 kJ Problem 2 Calculate ΔH for the ionization of hydrogen bromide: HBr(g) → H(aq) Br-(aq) Solution ΔH for a reaction is equal to the sum of the heats of formation of the product compounds minus the sum of the heats of formation of the reactant compounds: ΔH ÃŽ £ ΔHf  products - ÃŽ £ ΔHf  reactants Remember, the heat of formation of H  is zero. The equation becomes: ΔH ΔHf  Br-(aq) - ΔHf  HBr(g) The values for ΔHf  may be found in the Heats of Formation of Compounds of Ions  table. Plugging in these numbers: ΔH -120.9 kJ - (-36.2 kJ) ΔH -120.9 kJ 36.2 kJ ΔH -84.7 kJ Answer ΔH -84.7 kJ

Poison Dart Frog Facts

Poison Dart Frog Facts Poison dart frogs are small tropical frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. These brightly colored frogs secrete mucous that packs a powerful poisonous punch, while other members of the family camouflage themselves against their surroundings and are nontoxic. Fast Facts: Poison Dart Frog Scientific Name: Family Dendrobatidae (e.g., Phyllobates terribilis)Common Names: Poison dart frog, poison arrow frog, poison frog, dendrobatidBasic Animal Group: AmphibianSize: 0.5-2.5 inchesWeight: 1 ounceLifespan: 1-3 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Tropical forests of Central and South AmericaPopulation: Stable or decreasing, depending on speciesConservation Status: Least Concern to Critically Endangered Species There are over 170 species and 13 genera of poison dart frogs. Although collectively known as poison dart frogs, only four species in the genus Phyllobates were documented as used to poison blowdart tips. Some species are nonpoisonous. Description Most poison dart frogs are brightly colored to warn potential predators of their toxicity. However, nontoxic poison dart frogs are cryptically colored so that they can blend in with their surroundings. Adult frogs are small, ranging from half an inch to just under two and a half inches in length. On average, adults weigh one ounce. Habitat and Distribution Poison dart frogs live in the tropical and subtropical rainforests and wetlands of Central and South America. They are found in Costa Rica, Panama, Nicaragua, Suriname, French Guiana, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, and Brazil. The frogs have been introduced into Hawaii. Diet and Behavior Tadpoles are omnivorous. They feed on debris, dead insects, insect larvae, and algae. Some species eat other tadpoles. Adults use their sticky tongues to capture, ants, termites, and other small invertebrates. Poison Dart Frog Toxicity The frogs poison comes from its diet. Specifically, alkaloids from arthropods accumulate and are secreted through the frogs skin. The toxins vary in potency. The most toxic poison dart frog is the golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis). Each frog contains about one milligram of the poison batrachotoxin, which is sufficient to kill between 10 and 20 people or 10,000 mice. Batrachotoxin prevents nerve impulses from transmitting the signal to relax muscles, causing heart failure. There are no antidotes for poison dart frog exposure. Theoretically, death would occur within three minutes, however, there are no published reports of human deaths from poison dart frog poisoning. The frog has special sodium channels, so it is immune to its own poison. Some predators have developed immunity to the toxin, including the snake Erythrolamprus epinephalus. The golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis) is the most poisonous poison dart frog. Paul Starosta, Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring If the climate is sufficiently wet and warm, poison dart frogs breed year-round. In other areas, breeding is triggered by rainfall. After courtship, the female lays between one and 40 eggs, which are fertilized by the male. Usually both the male and the female guard the eggs until they hatch. Hatching depends on species and temperature, but usually takes between 10 and 18 days. Then, the hatchlings climb onto their parents backs, where they are carried to a nursery. The nursery is a small pool of water between the leaves of bromeliads or other epiphytes. The mother supplements the nutrients of the water by laying unfertilized eggs into it. The tadpoles complete the metamorphosis into adult frogs after several months. In the wild, poison dart frogs live from 1 to 3 years. They may live 10 years in captivity, although the tri-colored poison frog may live 25 years. After the eggs hatch, poison dart frogs carry the tadpoles to a nursery formed by water in bromeliad leaves. kikkerdirk, Getty Images Conservation Status The poison dart frog conservation status varies widely, depending on the species. Some species, such as the dyeing poison frog (Dendobates tinctorius) are classified by the IUCN as least concern and enjoy a stable population. Others, such as Summers poison frog (Ranitomeya summersi), are endangered and decreasing in numbers. Still other species have gone extinct or have yet to be discovered. Threats The frogs face three major threats: habitat loss, collection for the pet trade, and death from the fungal disease chytridiomycosis. Zoos that keep poison dart frogs often treat them with an antifungal agent to control the disease. Poison Dart Frogs and Humans Poison dart frogs are popular pets. They require high humidity and controlled temperatures. Even when their diet is changed, wild-caught poisonous frogs retain their toxicity for some time (potentially years) and should be handled with care. Captive-bred frogs become poisonous if fed an alkaloid-containing diet. The toxic alkaloids from some species may have medicinal value. For example, the compound epibatidine from Epipedobates tricolor skin is a painkiller that is 200 times more powerful than morphine. Other alkaloids show promise as appetite suppressants, heart stimulants, and muscle relaxants. Sources Daszak, P.; Berger, L.; Cunningham, A.A.; Hyatt, A.D.; Green, D.E.; Speare, R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 5 (6): 735–48, 1999. doi:10.3201/eid0506.990601La Marca, Enrique and Claudia Azevedo-Ramos. Dendrobates leucomelas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T55191A11255828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T55191A11255828.enSpeed, I; M. A. Brockhurst; G. D. Ruxton. The dual benefits of aposematism: Predator avoidance and enhanced resource collection. Evolution. 64 (6): 1622–1633, 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00931.xStefan, LÃ ¶tters; Jungfer, Karl-Heinz; Henkel, Friedrich Wilhelm; Schmidt, Wolfgang. Poison Frogs: Biology, Species, Captive Husbandry. Serpents Tale. pp. 110–136, 2007. ISBN 978-3-930612-62-8.

CAn Toxic Leadership be Mitigated Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CAn Toxic Leadership be Mitigated - Coursework Example Secondly, I would suggest that the gap between the leader and the workforce is what is contributing to lack of trust among them. Also, it would be better if a free, casual and yet a professional relationship existed, which would prove to be healthier and has a potential of improving the situation. In addition, I would present some statistical information that connects greater productivity to more trust in an organizational setup. Since there are different cultures in the organization, I would recommend a monthly meeting that focuses on learning and recognizing everyone’s cultures. It will be in order to assist the leader into realizing and acknowledging the diverse culture he is dealing with, hence making him respect and appreciate all of them. Bring in a speaker who specializes in improving culture for a quarterly. Lastly, in order for the leader to have a constant reminder of what is right or wrong, I would ask the workers to contribute by reminding the leader of things he has done right, (Korn, 2004). In conclusion, by using the right channels, it is possible to reform a toxic leader. Although some situations appears tough, having a professional do it is more advisable, since they tend t know how to go about it smoothly and

Seaports Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Seaports - Case Study Example Actually, the participation of private sector has already crept into some of the major ports in the world (Anon, 1996). The issue of privatization has gained more importance in the backdrop of globalization and liberalization moves sweeping across the world. However, the experience of the management of some ports like the Singapore port has clearly established that total privatization is not the panacea for the ills faced by several ports today. Systematic management of port operations with the public-private participation will go a long way in making them sustainable financially. There are three essential factors of a port which can be privatized; port land, port operations, and port regulations (Baird, 1999). The extent of privatization can differ within ports depending on which of these elements are transferred to private sector from public sector. We can get a wider concept from Table 1 shown below. In the private model I, port operations are transferred to private sector, and this type of arrangement is referred to as a 'landlord' port. When compared with private model I, private II model has two elements which are property and operations rights. Under the private III model, all three essential functions are controlled by private sector. At present, this kind of model is only accepted by ports in the UK, such as Liverpool, Manchester and Felixstowe. Table 1. Key Port Elements: Privatization Options Source: Baird A., 1999 International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH) did a survey of world's top-100 container ports to find out the organization type. Figure 1 presents ample statistics results which say that 71% of ports were managed by either public agencies or corporations, and 21% by Government departments. Only 7% of ports were private companies, and over two-thirds have a government shareholding varying from 60-100% (Baird, 2002). Figure 1. Port authority by organization type Source: IAPH, 2002 UK- Pioneer in Port privatisation Great Britain has pioneered port privatization showing the way for the rest of the world. Most countries have taken a cue from Great Britain's success in this direction. Until now, the UK is the only country which has totally privatized most of its major ports including the operational role of the port authority( ). The political leadership of the UK was very much practical in inviting private funding in port management. It always wanted to create favourable atmosphere to pave the way for private operators to jump in the fray. According to the House of Commons report, Port of London Authority strongly believed that private funding was the only alternative to refurbish the port industry and suitable and supporting atmosphere must be created to invite the private companies. It was very much worried that in the absence of a conductive atmosphere to private funding, investors might run away to some other countries ( ). The UK has obviously set a trend for other countries to follow. Most of the third world countries have also been looking for the British help in privatization of their ports ( ), such as India, Panama. Is the privatisation only solution Most of the third world countries plan to privatise their ports. But, is privatisation the only real solution Management of ports is very complex and involves several

Evaluation Of A Netball Coaching Session

Evaluation Of A Netball Coaching Session The responsibility of a coach is to develop an athletes physical, technical, tactical and mental abilities. Moreover, their overall aim is to win in competition. As Martens(1987) suggests, one of the most important roles of the coach in competitive sport is to help athletes become more proficient in their performance. A good quality coach, meeting these criteria will be identified as superior. The media may play a role in developing a coachs portfolio focusing on their athletes wins and strategies. However, just focusing on wins/losses may prove to be limiting. There are many superior coaches who are not so well known and coach at a lower competitive level. Accordingly to Horne(2008)effective coaching is defined as, that which results in successful performance outcomes, wins/losses, self-perceived performance abilities or positive psychological response of the athlete. In relation to netball, by the coach adopting suitable leadership behaviour she is able to extract positive actions from the player to achieve set goals within competition/practice situations. As Bompa(1983)suggests, this role can include a wide range of tasks from sequential development/mastery of basic skills for beginners, to the more specialised physical, technical, tactical and psychological preparation of elite athletes. Subsequently, according to Horn(1992)the type of leadership behaviour exhibited by the coach can have a significant effect on the performance/psychological well being of the athlete. As Sherman,FullerSpeed(2000) states, athletes partaking in netball specified that positive feedback, training and instruction, together with democratic behaviour were preferred coaching methods to social support and autocratic behaviour. Coaching behaviours, therefore, are important; one tool to measure this is, the Coaching Behaviour Assessment System, LacyDarst(1985). Research on this aspect provides valuable information relating to leadership styles/feedback patterns and expectancy effects. However, it does not provide an insight into an athletes actual experience of being coached. As Valle,KingHalling(1989)suggests, in recent decades the definition of psychology was expanded to incorporate the study of both human behaviour/experience. Subsequently, the majority of research relating to coaching has focused on the behavioural/ordinary effectiveness, rather than the experimental/extraordinary greatness. When using these theories in netball the coach will need to be able to identify individual characteristics of particular players, including their strengths/weaknesses and apply them to differing conditions in order for them to meet their objectives. As Chelladurai(1978)states, effective coaching behaviour will vary a cross specific contexts as the characteristics of the athletes and the prescribed situation change. For an individual netball player to achieve improvement in athletic performance, it may be necessary for a particular coaching behaviour to be adopted to which the athlete is receptive. In netball training, it must be considered that a suitable coaching behaviour applied for one player may be an ineffective approach for another. According to Tinning(1982)a specific behaviour adopted by the coach may be more productive of certain outcomes than others. Again, the coach when reflecting on the team will need to tackle the varying needs and preferences of individual players. The coach may choose to implement either a homogenous approach, treating all the players equally, or alternatively create a heterogeneous style that gives differential treatment to individual players. Furthermore, it is paramount for the coach to be aware of the players coaching preferences in order to maintain motivation and enhance performance. According to ChelladuraiCarron(1978)if a coach adapts her behaviour to c omply with an athletes preference, the athlete may be more prepared to improve their overall performance. Another recognition of good quality netball coaching is The United Kingdom Coaching Certificate, which is an endorsement of sports-specific coach education. It ensures that the sport of netball is providing the best athlete centred coaching available in recreational, development and performance environments. It is a combined netball development between English/Welsh/Scottish netball amenities. It also encourages change in the structure/education within netball, by addressing the needs of the game by supporting the present/future players. It is a four level coaching structure, consisting of the following aspects: What the qualified coach is able to accomplish: 4 Design, evaluate and implement the progression/outcome of long-term/specialist coaching programmes 3 Plan , analyse, implement and revise annual coaching programmes 2 Preparation of, appraise and provide coaching sessions 1 Assist more qualified coaches, conveying aspects of coaching sessions to players, normally under direct supervision Table 1: Illustrates four level coaching structure The advantage of the UKCC is to enable the netball coach to acquire current qualifications and be adequately assessed. There are ongoing flexible resources available to accommodate/support individual coaches/players needs and environment, such as improved training/quality assurance. Furthermore, within a netball environment the UKCC will benefit the coach by providing them with UK recognised qualifications, coach centred training programmes and assist in enhancing their profile/skills. A systematic observation/evaluation of the selected sport of netball and surrounding coaching practices has been undertaken in order to evaluate the coaching process. In observing a particular training session, the qualities/weaknesses of the coach may be identified through evaluating the processes they put into practice. The data will also help to process why preparation is required to improve the session, game/players skills/motivation/confidence and set/meet aims/objectives. The level of competition at which the players are competing is County/National level. The gender profile of the team concerned consists of young female participants aged 18-21, with varying degrees of expertise/fitness levels. The coach, herself, is a 32 year-old female, with a good fitness level, eight years experience and a UKCC qualification at level 2. Data collated from questionnaires completed by the coach, player and an assessor has identified positive feedback factors together with aspects that need to be addressed. Figure 1.0 illustrates the analytical findings of the coach herself, the players experience and the overall assessment. The findings from the data suggest that the coachs self-assessment identified a shortfall in her preparation, communication/skill practice and gives her the opportunity to focus on these weaknesses. However, her assessment actually found her organisation skills to be very good, perhaps there is a lack of confidence in her actual ability. It also found her demonstration/skill practice to be of a fairly good standard, but with a little room for improvement. The data representative of the mean player, however, illustrates some problem areas, especially where communication, preparation and demonstrations are concerned. It is important for the player to feel confident in the planned session and easily understand the demonstrative skills, whether verbal/physical as this helps them to meet their goals and improve motivation. The information relating to the Assessors evaluation tends to suggest that organisation was of a very high standard, demonstration/skill practice and overall rating wer e too of a good standard, illustrating that the coach was quite enthusiastic in her approach to teaching. However, the areas of preparation/communication were identified as needing to be addressed. Improvements need to be made in preparing training sessions and ensuring equipment is adequate for the task. The coach also needs to learn how to communicate more easily both with other staff members/players. Therefore, the key areas requiring improvement are preparation/communication. The coach may need to learn new techniques relating to preparing training sessions to make them more interesting, effective/time-efficient. She may also need to adjust her method of coaching or leadership style in order to address varying individuals differently to improve communication amongst the team. The theory of coaching itself, is a form of leadership, identifying/pursuing objectives. Particular mention should be given to the training theory, although the principles of planning incorporate a degree of habitual traits and fashion, periodisation/training loadings, the principles themselves are based on physiological/biological theories. The second term refers to the generic aspects of coaching practice/ behaviour common to all sports coaching processes. Sports coaching should be understood as a process. As CrossLyle(1999)suggests, the coach relationship between athlete /coach, coaching practice/behaviour, and the training/competition elements are all essentials of the coaching process. The coachs overall role is to improve performance in competitive sport through acquired knowledge, organisation and planning/identifying goals. Therefore, from the assessments it is evident that the netball coach seems to have adopted an authoritarian leadership style, this being dictatorial in nature with the coach making all the decisions and the athletes responding suitably to commands. However, this approach does have disadvantages, defeat may be taken badly, sensitive performers may be handled inadequately/evident high sense of anxiety in players. This approach works on the assumption that as the coach has the necessary knowledge, experience and power, she should instruct the athletes and they should listen, absorb and comply with these instructions without retaliation. However, the model of a superior coach is to be able to communicate coaching actions/influences to the players and provide a stable environment in which to learn. They should be consistent training/relationships, be able to manage in a team environment such as netball and develop a working system. With an effective approach in place the players should know exactly what is expected of them and what they expect form their coach, allowing them to focus on their coachs actions/their own performance and overall development. Subsequently, the relationship between the coach/athletes needs to be robust enough to convey technical skills/mentoring from the coach to the athletes. Any developmental weaknesses should be able to be identified/enhanced through the appreciatio n of self/other awareness. This aspect is especially important within the sport of netball to provide an efficient, competitive game plan. A coachs performance, especially if high performance may be evaluated using athlete feedback. As Franks(2004)states, there is intrinsic feedback that athletes obtain through participating in sport à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.extrinsic feedback includes knowledge of results(outcome) and knowledge of performance (process). As seen in the observations, feedback seems to be somewhat restricted in certain areas. Obviously, this needs to be addressed in order to observe, monitor performance and correct any errors within the training session. As Martens(1997)suggests, use sight and sound in providing feedback. This is important as individuals learn in different ways some gain more from explanations, whereas others may need demonstrations. In netball this is paramount as it can illustrate how players may refine certain movements, such as passing/shooting. Cox(1991)suggests, verbal feedback is a vitally important issue in effective coaching. It may take several different forms, each of which reinforces players in a predictable fashion. As Cox(1991) points out, four questions in order to test effectiveness verbal feedback are required. These include, are the majority of statements to athletes of value, perhaps encouraging, is corrective feedback phrases negative or positive, when coaching numerous athletes is feedback given to an athlete so that the others can hear and finally, do I give feedback to my athletes whilst they are working and practising? As feedback within the netball observation is relatively poor between coach/players, to enhance this perhaps positive praise can be given to the players only when they understand the reason for it. Corrective feedback should also be phrased in a positive way and if there is any criticism to be made it is best for this to done individually so as not to expose a players weakness. Finally, feedback should be given immediately after performance, rather than during it. These methods will help improve performance without affecting motivation. Motivation is a key factor in netball as it helps to improve the players game, work and train hard to the best of their ability. If the coach is good at motivating her players they will want to play for her particular team. For good motivation this depends on who the coach is and what she actually does. Motivation can be an individual thing, some players may be motivated by the enthusiasm/caring nature of the coach, others by the desire to please the coach, but on the whole motivation is improved by a good communication relationship, the setting of goals and a vision for the future. As Wooden(2004)states, you should study/analyse each individual to find out what makes them tick, you can then get them under your control. Therefore the netball coach needs to motivate each player in the team. As stated in the theory of cognitive-evaluation DeciRyan(1985)and Vallerand et al(1987), this theory examines the relationship between intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, in particular the impact rewar ds upon behaviour and performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦athletes have two innate needs, to feel competent and self-determining in their activities (Finch,2002). The netball coach by giving her players more verbal/physical encouragement will increase their confidence and boost moral. According to Finch(2002),DudaTreasure(2001)the theoretical perspective on athlete motivation believes that attributions affect expectations of future success or failure and the emotional reactions of performers. By reflecting on various theories, the netball coach will need to give consideration to and improve her weak communication skills. The assessment of coaches is paramount to reflect on coaching skills and coaches can be assessed by using the Coaching Behaviour Scale for Sport(CBSS), Cote,Yardley,Hay,Sedgwick Baker(1999). The CBSS may be applied to an athlete at one or more points in time in invasive, competitive sport, usually around mid/end of season. Data collected during the mid season will provide useful feedback to the coach, allowing any issues to be addressed in the second half of the season. An end of season evaluation is also recommended. Ideally, the athlete will meet an independent Assessor to discuss the objectives of the evaluation. An athletes qualitative feedback relating to their coachs abilities to teach technical skills and set goals is important. As McKerman(1996)suggests, coach evaluations, must be an enquiry into ones own performance. One needs to have a set of questions in which answers are sought through a form of research into ones professional practice. Reflective practice allows a coach to appreciate varying styles/methods of coaching relevant to different individuals or age groups, an important factor in netball coaching. Therefore, without a reflective structure the coach would not be able to re-evaluate the training processes. As Pollard(2002)states, reflective teaching is applied in a cyclical process, where coachs monitor/evaluate and adjust their own practice. The netball coach obviously needs to reconsider her selection of relevant coaching styles to accommodate various individuals, especially those who require more independence/self-reliance to progress. A good netball coach should be able to encourage this aspect to assist those players who require to be interdependent. By communicating with a positive clear strong voice/praising where necessary, she should make her instructions/reinforcement easy to understand. This in turn will enhance team moral and performance. If a netball coach has necessary knowledge/experience she will be able identify any weaknesses within the team/game plan, reflecting on them accordingly. As Pollard(2002)states the importance of reflection within coaching, the process of reflective teaching supports the development/maintenance of professional expertise. Therefore, reflective practice demands a coach to honestly assess their own behaviour. Furthermore, reflective evaluation is useful in evaluating highlights where there are social needs within a sport, for example children. This is important when planning training sessions, in order not to overload. The coach will need to identify/supervise a player who performs differently to the norm. This should in fact be nurtured, as it may be a new artistic style to be developed in the future. Experimentation of ideas may unlock an individuals potential, however, the coach should remain decisive/positive in her actions. Failure to do so, may affect the confidence of a player and their faith in the coach. As Tolstoy(1861;1967)cited by Schon(1991)suggests, each coach must, by regarding every imperfection in the individuals comprehension not as a defect in his on instruction endeavour to develop in their selves to discovering new methods. Sport management needs to be applied in netball coaching. The assessment on the whole seems to highlight preparation/organisation to be of a relatively good standard. Organisation will often be influenced by environmental situations in which the coach is working/structures in place. However, problem areas are evident, these relate to preparation/time-control/verbal communication. Time-keeping by individual players/training sessions is a fundamental aspect in organisation as it helps keep structure in place. It seems the relevant training session was slightly disorganised and late to start, this may have had an overall influence on coaching demonstrations, as they may have been rushed to keep to a schedule As a manager, the coach will be responsible for developing team structure amongst the players and possibly developing the configuration of the support organisation too. Staffing involves the selection of players/assistant coaches/others to help the team achieve its goals, together with training, assigning specific duties and the provision of a working environment. Also, the netball coach will obviously be required to direct the team with good decision-making processes to meet objectives. Finally, she should be able to control the situation, by monitoring the process of achieving team goals via necessary adjustments as/and when required. In the planning process, the coach needs to distinguish what/and how she is going to teach her team. She should be able to recall characteristics of individual players in order to determine how much they can learn. As Martens(2004)suggests, this information may be acquired from previous training sessions and it is important to systematically evaluate the players on essential skills identified, in order to assess their starting point for instruction and how to personalise their training to maximise potential. The netball coach should also be well acquainted with rules and technical/tactical skills of the sport. To teach beginners, she ideally must have enough knowledge as is required to teach at professional level and there must be a strong understanding of the fundamentals. As Lyle(2002) suggests, the knowledge/skills of the coach is a key feature of the implementation of the coaching process, and the form/nature of the process are likely to be shaped by these capacities and the coachs personal characteristics/values. It is evident that the process requires direct intervention, strategic integration/ co-ordination and requires a distinctive set of skills/knowledge. As DeMarcoMcCullick(1997)states, expert coaches have a thorough knowledge of the sport they coach, team/player management, coaching principles/planning skills. The use of intuition in decision making tends to differentiate between expert/less expert coaches(Jones,2006). From the observations, there seems to be concerns relatin g to knowledge/skills of the coach. Some of these problems may result as a direct consequence of poor communication already identified. However, within the field of netball the coach may need to apply sport-specific skills by improving planning objectives. As Lyle(2002)suggests, improvement of sport performance is the central purpose of the coaching process and a detailed knowledge/understanding of performance is essential from target setting/prediction/monitoring progression to training programme design, planning strategy and tactics. With the balance of practice/competition management together with good planning, relevant feedback/communication, the original problems encountered may be improved. Obviously, the coach will need to be fully up to date with netball training techniques/competition requirements but consideration also needs to be given to the suitability of team members to the game, whether it is skill/fitness related and she should have the necessary interpersonal skill s to deal with this. As Lyle(2002)states, hereditary factors may set limits of performance. The quality of the coaching process will determine how close to those limits the athlete will reach. Once an understanding of how athletes learn and how relevant knowledge can be conveyed to the team the coach needs to focus on sport specific skills relating to netball and how to actually teach them. Firstly, the skill needs to be introduced by clear explanation/demonstration then put into practice and relevant feedback acquired to correct any errors. When introducing the skill the coach needs to do this with enthusiasm, expressed through words/actions, helping to make the topic interesting/productive. When she demonstrates a particular skill it should be performed as in a competitive situation, repeated several times and explained thoroughly to accommodate individualisation and varying learning attributes. As the coach has a UKCC qualification, she should have studied these areas during her training. However, if she requires further training she will be able to this under the scheme. Many players will express an appreciation of playing for good coaches who are honest, loyal and genuine, and also willingly serve in a variety of roles that go beyond the netball court. An individual coachs experience will emerge in many ways and most netball players have great respect for the veteran coaches. It does seem clear from the players experiences that it is not about what the coach does, but how she actually does it. As Gould,Guinain,Greenleaf,MedberyPeterson(1999)states, athletes view their coaches as teachers/mentors and friends. They also view their coaches as parental figures, Lidar,Lavyan (2002). The coach, herself, needs to relate to the players more through communicating performance information/player-roles/expectation/ individual goals and a team vision. The players are likely respond to direct, one/one comments and indirect methods. There are some variances in the validity of the results, this may be due to the effects of reflective coaching, coach/athlete may have been too lenient/harsh on themselves/others. The players may have reflected on past experiences and taken this into consideration when applying her information. Also, during assessment , environmental issues may have had an impact, or whilst the coach was assessed she may have enhanced her skills in particular areas, especially enthusiasm, however, she could not override the apparent discrepancies regarding preparation and communication. In conclusion, critical analysis and findings in the netball data obtained has characterised six major dimensions relating to the training session, and what the players relate to superior coaching. As HughesBartlett(2002)suggest, the objective analysis of sports performance must use clearly defined, relevant and valid performance indicators and the method of measurement must be demonstrated to be valid and reliable. These are, coach attributes, the environment in which they perform, the system/structures in place, good relationships between coach/players, their overall coaching actions and influences. One key point that materialised, was the importance of interaction and in this particular instance this seems to be limited. Obviously, when players first join a team, they familiarise themselves with their environment/structure/coach and hopefully a rapour develops between the coach/player, together with a feeling of unit reinforced with the teams dress attire. These aspects actually f orm the backbone of good coaching practice. Therefore, the exercise seems beneficial, as the evidence is suggestive of a lack of consistency in areas of her coaching. For future development and enhancement of overall performance the netball coach needs to focus on various attributes that compliment each other, such as interaction/relationships and communication.

Assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in health chances

* Using your knowledge assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in HEALTH CHANCES * Write about the health chances for the different situations within society. Health Chances- Can be defined as the likelihood and possibility for an individual to become ill or unwell in view of his/hers overall health and well-being also considering the affect on an individual in view of the different situations within society. Health Chances is sometimes overlooked in view of the different situations within society. It can be said firmly that both gender and ethnicity unfortunately create inequalities in health chances within society. Health Chances clearly vary in these two situations and as a result have caused problems within society. Statistics in Gender inequality in health clearly show a high percentage for women in both Morbidity and Mortality Firstly, gender results to inequalities in health chances due to various factors and situations within society. Women's position in society affects their experience of health chances. Women indeed can be said to be more open and co-operative than men in view of their general health and well-being. Women tend to visit doctors more often than men. Statistics show that women visit their G.P. 5x a year whilst men tend to visit their G.P. approximately 3x a year. Furthermore, the health of women may appear to be worse than that of men because their longer life expectancy increases the risk of chronic illnesses, senile dementia and therefore the regular use of medical services. However, statistics do indicate that women suffer more chronic disorders in all age categories. The common saying ‘women are sicker men die quicker' is very realistic, statistics clearly show that women live longer and so are more prone to getting ill, as part of getting old. Moreover, women's position in society affects their health chances; women have the burden of childcare, which affects them both physically and mentally. Also, domestic labour, poor employment conditions because of gender discrimination, greater exposure to poor housing as a result of poor employment, greater exposure to poverty also as a result as poor employment. Women position in society should be regarded very highly as they are situated in such conditions which lead to ‘ housewife syndromes' acknowledged by Jessie Bernard causing ill health. It is the woman's job in society i.e. in the family, to make decisions, bring up the children which is quite stressful along with absorbing and taking on the stress of other family members such as the children, husband which overall in my opinion is the reason to why more women get ill. Furthermore, Women in society generally tend to occupy jobs such; working in the home, the NHS & social services which are generally not highly paid occ upations and the fact that these jobs are a lot more stressful, and according to feminism sociologists they are unrecognised and always undervalued. Moreover, there are obviously differences in the health experiences of men and women that can be attributed to biology, particularly those concerned with reproduction. Hormonal differences can account for some variation in the occurrence of particular illnesses e.g. higher rate of heart disease amongst men before the age of 50 can partly be accounted for by the lack of protection provided by the hormone oestrogen. Genetic and biological research points to certain gender to being more prone to certain illnesses and diseases. Women suffer from certain sorts of health problems because of their distinctive biology e.g. pregnancy and childbirth, contraception and abortion, menstruation and menopause, breast and cervical cancer. They are also more likely to suffer from autoimmune disease e.g. arthritis and degenerative disease (because they live longer), but on the other hand men suffer more heart disease. Health and Ethnicity, the problem of definition; do we use race, ethnicity, or specific culture groups, e.g. Punjabi to define health and ethnicity. Ethnicity results to inequalities in health chances due to various factors and situations within society. Genetic and biological research clearly portray the fact that certain ethnic minorities are more prone to having certain diseases, e.g. Haemophilia is quite common in European men, whilst Sickle Cell Anaemia is quite common in Afro-Caribbean's. However, we could argue that not all health illnesses are necessarily related to ethnicity, for instance, heart disease, bronchitis and strokes which all have a high incidence in the Asian community are linked to socio-economic factors not ethnicity. Moreover, diet/lifestyle/traditions and cultural values also affect the outcomes of health chances within society, i.e. Asian communities e.g. prenatal mortalities is high for Asian women but this may be because many do not attend anti-natal classes. Also, diet- high rate in the use ‘GHEE' in the Asian cooking relating to heart disease. However, many Asian diets particularly the Vegetarian dishes are healthier than they counter parts in the white community. Furthermore, low social class, poor and under-paid occupations, unemployment and dangerous/hazardous jobs are common within the ethnic minority society, which result to poor health conditions resulting to the worst health chances. Which in effect are being persevered through generations resulting to inequality in health within the ethnic minority society. Although the materialist argument is more successful than either the genetic or cultural approaches in explaining health differences between ethnic groups it still fails to adequately explain why they should be so particularly disadvantaged. For example when comparing black and white sharing the same social class position black people are more vulnerable to unemployment. Racism in the private and public housing markets has also been shown to compound inequalities generated by social class. Racism, therefore, is further constraint on the access to conditions of life are more conductive to good health. Also racism may be a reason for a higher death/violence rate in the ethnic minority groups. However, the likelihood of contribution of racism to ill health is complex and varied. Although, high rates of unemployment, redundancy, excessive shift work, compulsion over time and un-social working hours are some issues within the ethnic minority society which contribute to the overall of affect health chances. Finally, both gender and ethnicity create inequalities in health chances within society, as discussed. Some of which can be regarded as acceptable i.e. unavoidable, whilst others can be clearly acknowledged as discriminating, etc.